Transgenic technology

Transgenic technology is the manual separation and the modified gene is introduced into the organisms genome, due to the expression of the introduced gene, causing modification of the genetic traits of the organism can be, this technique is referred to as transgenic technology (at Transgene technology). Commonly known as "genetic engineering, genetic engineering, genetic transformation are transgenic synonym. Modified organisms by transgenic technology is often referred to in the media "genetically modified organisms" (Genetically modified organism, GMO). August 30, 2012, the international environmental organization Greenpeace disclosed to the media, Tufts University, USA Chinese children transgenic rice experiment, the university has admitted.
Directory
The nouns Introduction of genetically modifiedTechnical presentationsGMOsGenetically modified foodsTransgenic commercializationTechnological developmentThe plant common method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation methodPollen tube pathwayBiolisticAnimals commonly used technology nuclear microinjectionSperm-mediated gene transfectionNuclear transplant transgenic methodSomatic cell nuclear transplantationTransgenic technology and traditional technology of transgenic plantsTransgenic animalsAn important impact on the real lifeEcological speciesEnvironmental SystemsTechnology applicationsRumors and rumorControversial dispute reportsScholars criticizedControversyKnowledge expansionExpand nouns introduced transgenicTechnical presentationsGMOsGenetically modified foodsTransgenic commercializationTechnological developmentThe plant common method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation methodPollen tube pathwayBiolisticAnimals commonly used technology nuclear microinjectionSperm-mediated gene transfectionNuclear transplant transgenic methodSomatic cell nuclear transplantationTransgenic technology and traditional technology of transgenic plantsTransgenic animalsAn important impact on the real lifeEcological speciesEnvironmental SystemsTechnology applicationsRumors and rumorControversial dispute reportsScholars criticizedControversyKnowledge expansionTo expand Edit this paragraph noun introduced transgenicGenetically Modified - genetically modified (GM). Refers to the use of scientific means genes extracted from a biological need to be transferred to another organism, the restructuring with the genes of another organism, resulting in particular with the substance of the variability of genetic traits. The use of transgenic technology can change the traits of animals and plants, breeding new varieties. Other organisms breed desired biological products can also be used for medicine, food and other aspects. [1] genetically modified genetically modified classification in accordance with the pathway can be divided into artificial transgenic and natural transgenic plant transgenic and transgenic animals can be divided in accordance with the object. Artificial transgenic manual separation and the modified gene is introduced into the organisms genome, due to the expression of the introduced gene, causing the traits of the organism a genetic modification, this technique is called transgenic technology (at Transgene technology). Commonly known as "genetic engineering, genetic engineering, genetic transformation are transgenic synonym. Modified organisms by transgenic technology is often referred to in the media "genetically modified organisms" (Genetically modified organism, GMO). Nature the transgenic is not a human-oriented, independent transgenic animal or plant nature. The plants transgenic plant transgenic plants containing the exogenous gene in the genome. By protoplast fusion and cell reorganization, transfer of genetic material, chromosome engineering technology, it is possible to change some of the genetic characteristics of the plant, cultivate high-yield, high-quality, anti-viral, insect resistance, cold, drought, waterlogging, salt alkali, such as herbicide-resistant crop varieties. And can be used to genetically modified plants or cultured cells in vitro, and the production of exogenous gene expression products, such as human growth hormone, insulin, interferon, interleukin-2, epidermal growth factor, hepatitis B vaccine and other genes in transgenic plants expressed. Animals Transgenic animals containing the exogenous gene in the genome of transgenic animals. It is in accordance with the pre-design through cell fusion and cell reorganization, transfer of genetic material, chromosome engineering and genetic engineering techniques exogenous gene into sperm, egg or fertilized reproductive engineering, bred transgenic animals. Auxin genes, prolific gene, promote egg gene, high milk yield gene, lean type gene, keratin genes, anti-parasite genes, gene transfer of antiviral genes, may be bred short growth cycle, calving, Health more eggs, and milk yield, genetically modified super rat than ordinary mice approximately doubled. Meat production, good the fur quality with processing performance and resistance, and has made some achievements in domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens, fish. Transgenic animals by genetic mosaic and heterozygous sexual reproduction offspring variation, it is difficult to form a stable transgenic lines of genetic. Thus, try out of mitochondria isolated from the recipient animal cells, the exogenous gene be transformed in vitro, and then transgenic mitochondrial import fertilized eggs develop into a transgenic animal females cultured egg and Renyi Xiong individual mating or artificial insemination, in vitro, mitochondrial cytoplasmic sexual offspring may all transgenic individuals. [2]Technical presentationsTransgenic technology is the manual separation and the modified gene introduced into the genome of the organism of the destination, so as to achieve the purpose of the modified organisms. GM technology is transferred to an organism's genes in the DNA of another organism biotechnology. The commonly used methods and tools, including microinjection, gene gun, electric Spellbreaker liposomes. Transgenic initially used to study gene function, exogenous genes into the recipient organism genome (generally model organisms such as Arabidopsis or zebra fish), observed organisms exhibit traits achieve reveal gene function purposes. [3]GMOsGenetically Modified Organism - genetic transformation modified organisms, or called genetically modified organisms, referred to as the GMO by transgenic technology modified organisms, often referred to in the media. [4]Genetically modified foodsMultinational food company, through genetic modification techniques (transgenic technology), manufacturing GMF (genetically modified food), remains controversial because of its security undetermined. The usual practice is that the injection of the specific transgenic material, so that it has a specific genetic characteristics to the the crops genetic intranuclear DNA helix structure. Usually injected with Bt genes and turn Ht gene. Bt transgenic crops pest-resistant characteristics. Turn Ht genes make the crops with herbicide-resistant characteristics. The origin of the so-called genetically modified food genetically modified foods, is the use of molecular biology techniques, certain biological gene transfer to other species, genetic material modified organisms to human traits, nutritional quality, consumer-quality target changes to genetically modified organisms for direct food or for the production of raw materials processed food is genetically modified food. The history of it has been studied for decades, but the real business of nearly a decade. The early 1990s, the first to market a genetically modified foods in the United States, is a fresh tomato, this research is the successful study in the United Kingdom, but the British did not dare to commercialization, the Americans became the first a person to eat crab, conservative Britons regret not cope. Since then, genetically modified foods is rampant. According to statistics, 43 kinds of transgenic varieties have been identified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Edit this paragraph transgenic commercialization of the commercial production of genetically modified staple food to be taken seriouslyNovember 27, 2009, approved by the Ministry of Agriculture, the 1st Huahui Bt Shanyou 63 "two kinds of transgenic rice to a BVLA430101 of transgenic maize security certificate, two products were limited production in Hubei Province and Shandong Province Application. Obtained two transgenic rice security certificate Huazhong Agricultural University, Professor Zhang Qifa and colleagues. This is the first time China issued safety certificates for genetically modified rice, the world's first genetically modified staple food issued a security certificate. However, the commercial cultivation of genetically modified rice news led to a variety of concerns, also caused strong opposition from some netizens. On August 8, 2000, China signed the International Convention on Biological Diversity "under the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, the State Council ratified the Protocol on April 27, 2005, China officially became the Parties. The objective of the Protocol is to ensure that the transferred gene biological and its product's security, to minimize its potential for biodiversity and human health may be caused by the damage, in the absence of sufficient scientific basis, can other countries trying to entry transgenic biological and products strict restrictions and banned measures. The provisions of Article 23 of the Convention, the genetically modified organisms to conduct rigorous risk assessment, risk management and increased decision-making, transparency and public participation in the decision-making process for public comment, to inform the public of the results. However, about 1.3 billion people staple rice for commercial production of genetically modified, Ministry of Agriculture, there is no public comment. Transgenic commercialization focus lies not only in commercialization, capital controls and transgenic technology. At this stage, to avoid the quick success, to avoid genetically modified varieties cheat, or hazardous events to avoid seriously infringe on the interests of the public events continue to occur, must control all commercial varieties are a step-by-step control scale, from the overall management of transgenic commercialization it , must integrate low-level duplicated deepening domestic research must be given to protect the boot so that they can compete with large foreign capital support project, from ecology, bio-diversity, stability, from China in agriculture, agro-processing industry, the economically active population, and so consider the proactive management of project approval and varieties of transgenic security. With the transgenic increasingly become a hot, more and more people begin to pay attention to genetically modified, but there has also been a lot of controversy about genetically modified. The growing number of dissenting voices tell us that there is a huge controversy of genetically modified foods. With many scientific research institutions of the international investigation of the genetically modified food, genetically modified foods will indeed bring many uncertainties on human health. Many scholars have said: there is a huge controversy, genetically modified foods genetically modified does not equal progress! Its a matter of national security and even hidden behind a conspiracy. Many articles and books (such as "biochemical unrestricted warfare: genetically modified food and vaccine conspiracy") is to expose the Ins and Outs of transgenic conspiracy. Even the opposition to support the transgenic say became a fundamentalist hysteria. Of course, advances in biotechnology and people's lives are closely related to the question of genetically modified foods are not opposed to GM technology, we are opposed to the abuse of transgenic technology. Edit this paragraph technology development will manually separated and the modified gene is introduced into the organisms genome, expression of the introduced gene, causing the traits of the organism a genetic modification, this technique is called transgenic technology (at Transgene technology). Commonly known as "genetic engineering, genetic engineering, genetic transformation are transgenic synonym. Modified organisms by transgenic technology is often referred to in the media "genetically modified organisms" (Genetically modified organism, GMO). TransgenicIn 1974, the Polish geneticist Gerais Barr Sharansky (Waclaw Szybalski) known as recombinant DNA technology to the concept of synthetic biology, in 1978, the Nobel Prize to biomedical discovery of DNA restriction enzyme Na Sensi (Daniel Nathans), Asia Bo (Werner Arber) and Smith (Hamilton Smith) Gerais Barr Sharansky wrote in the journal "Gene": the restriction enzyme will lead us into a new era of synthetic biology. Transferred gene technology, including exogenous gene cloning, expression vector, recipient cells transfected gene pathway, exogenous gene artificial synthesis technology, gene regulatory networks artificial design development, led to a 21st century turn gene technology will move towards transgenic systems biological Technology - 2000 reintroduced the concept of synthetic biology, and defined as based on the principles of genetic engineering of systems biology and transgenic technology. Edit this paragraph plants commonly used method of genetic transformation methods according to their need to through tissue culture, plant regeneration can be divided into two categories, the first category need to be regenerated plants by tissue culture, the common method of Agrobacterium mediated transformation, particle bombardment; another type of approach does not require training through the organization, the more mature the major pollen tube pathway, the pollen tube pathway proposed by Chinese scientists.Agrobacterium-mediated transformation methodAgrobacterium is widespread in a gram-negative bacteria in the soil, can most dicotyledonous plants infected under natural conditions chemotaxis injured parts, and induce crown gall tumors or hairy roots. Agrobacterium tumefaciens and hair roots in the cells of Agrobacterium containing a Ti plasmid and the Ri plasmid, on the section of the T-DNA to the infested plants wound into cells, Agrobacterium T-DNA insertion into the plant genome. Therefore, Agrobacterium is a natural plant genetic transformation system. People inserted into the target gene after transformation of the T-DNA region, to achieve the transfer and integration of exogenous genes into plant cells by means of Agrobacterium infection, and then through the cell and tissue culture techniques, regeneration of transgenic plants. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was initially only used for dicots, since the technical bottleneck is broken, Agrobacterium mediated transformation has also been widely used in monocots, including rice has been studied as a model plant.Pollen tube pathwayAfter pollination ovary injection of the DNA solution containing the objective gene, the use of plants in bloom, pollen tube pathway formed in the process of fertilization, the exogenous DNA is introduced into a fertilized egg cell, and further been integrated into the genome of the receptor cells, with forward to the development of fertilized eggs become new individuals with genetically modified. The method in the early 1980s by the Chinese scholar Zhou Guangyu, promote the largest area of ​​transgenic cotton is cultivated with pollen tube pathway out. The biggest advantage of this method is not dependent on tissue culture artificial plant regeneration technique is simple and does not require well-equipped laboratories, conventional breeding workers is easy to grasp.BiolisticFed directly to the high-speed micro bomb explode gunpowder or high pressure gas acceleration (the acceleration device is referred to as gene gun), the parcel with the desired gene DNA solution the complete plant tissues and cells, and then through the cell and tissue culture techniques. regenerated plants selected positive transgenic plants is the transgenic plants. Compared with the Agrobacterium transformation, Biolistic transformation of a major advantage is to limit the scope of not recipient plant. And its carrier plasmid is relatively simple and therefore turn is widely used in the genetic study of a method. [5] Edit this paragraph animals commonly used technology nuclear microinjection methodNuclear microinjection method is the most commonly used method in the animal transgenic technology. It is under the microscope exogenous gene injected into the fertilized egg cell of the original nucleus, the injection of exogenous genes with embryonic gene group fusion, and then cultured in vitro, the last transplant to receptor dams uterine development, such maternity of the animal body of each one The cells contain a new DNA fragment. - The disadvantage of this method is low efficiency expression of uncertainty in the results caused by the position effect (exogenous gene insertion sites randomness), animals low utilization that in ruminants there is still a long reproductive cycle, and have strong The time limit, the characteristics of a large number of donor and recipient animals, etc. is required. Detailed steps: Under the microscope, with a very fine glass needle (1-2 microns in diameter) directly to the DNA injected into the nucleus of the embryo, then the injected DNA of the embryo is transplanted into an animal, so that develop into normal pups. About one tenth of the animals produced in this way integration of exogenous gene in transgenic animals.Sperm-mediated gene transfection
  Transgenic technology iconSperm-mediated gene transfer is the sperm for proper treatment, it has the ability to carry exogenous gene. Then carrying exogenous genes sperm to estrus females inseminated. In the offspring of dams, there is a certain proportion of animals are integrated exogenous gene transgenic animals. Compared with the microinjection method, sperm-mediated gene transfer has two advantages: First, its low cost, only the microinjection cost 1/10. Secondly, because it does not involve the processing of animals, therefore, you can experiment with the production of the herd or flock to each experiment can be successful.Nuclear transplant transgenic methodSCNT is emerging in recent years, a transgenic technology. The method is first exogenous gene, and the donor cells cultured in a medium, so that the exogenous gene into the donor cells, the donor cells are then transplanted into recipient cells nucleus - enucleated oocytes, constitutes reconstruction embryo, and then transplanted into pseudopregnant maternal transgenic cloned animals until their pregnancy, childbirth, can be obtained.Somatic cell nuclear transplantationThe first gene into somatic cells in vitro, and screened with genetically modified cells. Then, with the transgenic body to remove the nucleus of the egg cell nuclear transplantation in the production of reconstructed embryos. Reconstructed embryos via transplanted to the mother, the newborn animal produced 100% of transgenic animals. Edit this paragraph transgenic technology with traditional technology since the human cultivated crops, our ancestors never stopped the genetic improvement of crops. Crops improved in the past few thousand years is mainly the selection and use of the natural mutation good genes and recombinant accumulated through random and natural way to good genes. Genetics was founded nearly a century of animal and plant breeding using artificial hybridization method excellent gene recombination and exogenous gene into the genetic improvement. Thus, transgenic technology with traditional technology can be traced to the same origin, and its essence is to obtain good genes for genetic improvement. However, the scope and efficiency of gene transfer, transgenic technology and traditional breeding techniques, there are two important differences. First, the traditional technology generally only between individuals within a species gene transfer switch gene transfer in gene technology are excluded from the limit of kinship between organisms. Second, conventional hybridization and selection techniques are generally on the level of individual organisms, the operation whole genome, the transfer of a large number of genes, not possible to accurately operate and select a gene, predictable performance of offspring poor. Transgenic technology operation and transfer of general after a clear definition of gene function clear, offspring performance can be accurately expected. Therefore, transgenic technology development and complement the traditional technology. Closely integrate the two can complement each other, and greatly improve the efficiency of plant and animal species improvement. Below, respectively, of transgenic animals and transgenic plants described.Transgenic plantsThe transgenic plant is a plant containing a foreign gene in the genome. By protoplast fusion and cell reorganization, transfer of genetic material, chromosome engineering technology, it is possible to change some of the genetic characteristics of the plant, cultivate high-yield, high-quality, anti-viral, insect resistance, cold, drought, waterlogging, salt alkali, such as herbicide-resistant crop varieties. And can be used to genetically modified plants or cultured cells in vitro, and the production of exogenous gene expression products, such as human growth hormone, insulin, interferon, interleukin-2, epidermal growth factor, hepatitis B vaccine and other genes in transgenic plants expressed. With the continuous development of the field of molecular biology in the past two decades, the separation of plant genes, genetic engineering carrier build the cell's genetic transformation of transformed cells in tissue culture, plant regeneration and exogenous gene expression detection and other various technology matures and improve plant genetic engineering research advances, many previously impossible gene conversion work to be successful in a growing number of plants. The main purpose is to improve the transgenic plants The polypeptide or industrial enzyme production, improve food quality, increase crop resistance to pests and pathogens. Most of the conventional pharmaceutical proteins using biochemical methods to extract or obtained by microbial fermentation, such active substances are generally extremely small amounts in living cells, and the extraction process is complex, high-cost, far failed to meet the needs of the community. Application of transgenic plants to produce pharmaceutical proteins, including vaccines, antibodies, interferon and other cytokines, can take advantage of a large number of plant Ota plant production, significantly reduce production costs, increase production, and can also be obtained by conventional means can not be obtained drugs. The biggest advantage is the use of plants to produce the vaccine can be used as food direct oral. Through a variety of plant transgenic technology the multiple vaccine gene into the plant, thereby obtaining a transgenic plant expressing the polypeptide vaccines. With the antibody genetically engineered antibody genes can be (small active units to complete antibody light and heavy chain gene) is separated from the monoclonal antibody hybridoma, people began to think of ways to make use of transgenic plants to express these antibodies. 1989 Hiatt antibody produced by murine hybridoma gene into tobacco cells obtain plants antibody, and found that the plant antibodies having the same antigen-binding ability of the hybridoma sources antibody, both functional. After this, the full-length antibodies, single domain antibodies and single-chain antibody in transgenic plants for successful expression. Local plants antibody immunotherapy will be a compelling areas, local treatment can cure tooth decay and other common applications of high-affinity antibody. The plant transgenic available more new varieties of vegetables, fruits, flowers are able to retain their good quality optimizationTransgenic animalsTransgenic animals animals containing exogenous gene in the genome. It is in accordance with the pre-design through cell fusion and cell reorganization, transfer of genetic material, chromosome engineering and genetic engineering techniques exogenous gene into sperm, egg or fertilized reproductive engineering, bred transgenic animals. Auxin genes, prolific gene, promote egg gene, high milk yield gene, lean type gene, keratin genes, anti-parasite genes, gene transfer of antiviral genes, may be bred short growth cycle, calving, Health more eggs, and milk yield, genetically modified super rat than ordinary mice approximately doubled. Meat production, good the fur quality with processing performance and resistance, and has made some achievements in domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens, fish. Gene animal refers to the experimental method of importing exogenous genes in the chromosomal gene within the stable integration and stable expression of an animal. In 1974, Jaenisch application microinjection, the world's first successful the SV40DNA transgenic mice. Subsequently, Costantini rabbit - globin gene into the fertilized eggs of mice, the fertilized egg develops into mice express rabbit Bu globin; Palmiter rat growth hormone gene introduced mouse zygotes, "super" mice; Church was the first case of transgenic cattle. So far, it has succeeded in obtaining the transferred gene mice, chickens, goats, pigs, sheep, cows, frogs, and a variety of turn transgenic fish. Can also be genetically modified animals as biological factories (Biofactories), including the mammary gland bioreactor and tubal biological reactor, such as the production of clotting factor IX in transgenic mice, tissue-type fiber plasminogen activator (t-PA) interleukin-2, of α1-anti-trypsin, to turn gene sheep production people of α1-anti-trypsin proteinase, to turn genes goats, cows production LAt-PA, to turn genes pig production human hemoglobin, etc., these gene products with a highly efficient, high-quality, low-cost with the corresponding human protein having the same biological activity, and multi with milk secretion, ease of separation and purification, based on the development of systems biology, transfected gene system biological technology - synthetic biology become not only a single gene but the design of multi-gene even gene group, the synthesis and transfer gene a new generation of biotechnology. Transgenic animals by genetic mosaic and heterozygous sexual reproduction offspring variation, it is difficult to form a stable transgenic lines of genetic. Thus, try out of mitochondria isolated from the recipient animal cells, the exogenous gene be transformed in vitro, and then transgenic mitochondrial import fertilized eggs develop into a transgenic animal females cultured egg and Renyi Xiong individual mating or artificial insemination, in vitro, mitochondrial cytoplasmic sexual offspring may all transgenic individuals. Edit this paragraph an important impact on the real lifeIn March 2000, the cloned piglets "turned out." Followed by Europe and the United States between genetically modified foods to eat and do not eat the issues debated. The early 1990s, the first to market a genetically modified foods in the United States, is a fresh tomato, the study results of this successful study in the United Kingdom, genetically modified foods became even more rampant. According to statistics, 43 kinds of transgenic varieties have been identified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The United States is the most genetically modified foods, and more than 60 percent of processed foods contain genetically modified ingredients, more than 90% of the soybeans, 50% corn, genetically modified wheat. Genetically modified foods genetically modified plants, such as: tomatoes, potatoes, corn and other transgenic animals, such as: fish, cattle, sheep. Although the conversion genetically modified food and ordinary food is not much difference in the taste, but genetically modified plants, animals have a distinct advantage: high-quality high-yielding, insect-resistant, anti-viral, anti-herbicide, improved quality, and tolerance to survive.Ecological speciesTransgenic crops is artificial varieties, we can put these varieties look as natural exotic species does not exist. In general, foreign species threat or danger to the environment or biological diversity, there will be a long period of time. Sometimes need 10 years or longer. Transgenic crop commercialization planting has the longest is 5-6 years, some of the potential risk in such a short period of time may not be able to show it. But some risk has been confirmed in the laboratory level. Mikkelsen confirmed transgenic herbicide-resistant oilseed rape herbicide-resistant gene by gene flow in a hybrid, once the process of backcross has been transferred to its wild relatives (Mikkelsen, et al, 1996).Environmental SystemsFarmland ecosystems Agro-ecosystem to increase the use of pesticides - resistance to the selection and transshipment to other compatible plants produce new farmland weeds - gene flow and hybridization of transgenic plants become weeds - Insert the traits competition new virus - different viral genome and the reorganization of the viral coat protein transgenic crops generate new crop pest pathogens - the plant interactions herbivores - plant interactions damage to non-target organisms - herbivorous this paragraph animals eating editing technology applications since 1996, the first case since the industrial applications of transgenic crops, the global rapid development of transgenic technology research and industrial applications. Strategic focus of the developed countries have the development of transgenic technology as to seize the high ground for the technologies of the future and to enhance the international competitiveness of agriculture, developing countries are also actively follow up and show the following trend: First, the breeding of speed. With the development of the life sciences, genomics, bioinformatics, and other disciplines, transgenic technology with each passing day, research tools, equipment has improved continuously, cloning technology are advancing by leaps and bounds, some new genes, new characters and new products continue to emerge. Variety cultivation was intergenerational characteristics of the world of new varieties of genetically modified organisms from the first generation of insect-resistant and herbicide-resistant products, to improve the nutritional quality and increase the production of second-generation products, as well as industrial, pharmaceutical and bio-reactor rankings changes in three generations of products, the polymerization of the composite multi-gene traits is becoming the focus of research and application of transgenic technology. Industrial applications has expanded rapidly. As of the end of 2009, 25 countries around the world have approved the commercial application of the 24 kinds of genetically modified crops. Transfer of genetically modified soybeans, cotton, corn, canola acreage of genetically modified crops, 2550 mu development by 1996 to 20 million hectares in 2009, 14 years, an increase of 79 times. The United States is still the largest-growing countries, the planting area of ​​9.6 million hectares in 2009; followed by Brazil, 3.21 million hectares; Argentina, 3.195 million hectares; India, 1.26 million hectares; Canada, 1.23 million hectares; China, 5550 mu; Paraguay 3300 mu; South Africa, 3150 mu. It is worth mentioning, since 2000, the United States has approved a six herbicide-resistant transgenic rice and medicinal Iran approved a transgenic rice commercial cultivation; Canada, Mexico, Australia, Colombia 4 approved genetically modified rice imports, allowing consumption. Ecological and economic benefits are very significant. In 1996-2007, the global transgenic crops cumulative gain of up to 44 billion U.S. dollars, the cumulative reduction of pesticide use 359,000 tons. In 2008, the the the global GMO market value of $ 7.5 billion. Edit this paragraph rumors and rumor rumors 1997-1998, Britain and experimental analysis found that genetically modified foods abnormal result in certain abnormal animal health and the planting area. The British government-funded studies have shown that consumption of genetically modified potatoes rat liver cancer early symptoms, testicular dysgenesis, part of the immune system and the nervous system atrophy anomalies. [Truth] see below the food safety controversy: turn the events of the genetically modified corn. Method of processing data unscientific. The rumors two 1997 Ke Laona German farmers start planting Syngenta Bt-176 maize experimental plot, the first three years, corn gratifying, no pests, 2001, when he was this corn is used to feed the cow, the cow began to violently diarrhea and stop milk production, and finally, he lost a total of 70 cattle. [Truth] Ke Laona a total loss of 12 cows, and seven died after disable GM feed. His house cows will die because feed moldy. In Spain, Bt176 least planting 22,000 hectares, the Ministry of Environment of Spain confirmed never found any animals eat bt transgenic maize to produce evidence of disease or death. [6] rumors three autumn 1998, Pusztai of the Rowett Research Institute, Professor of Scotland (Pusztai) on TV publicly declared his experiments proved mice kidneys, thymus and spleen growth abnormality or atrophy or growth improper brain atrophy several vital organs were also damaged, the immune system is weakened. [Truth] see below the food safety controversy: Pusi Tai (Pusztai) event, the experimental results can not be repeated. Rumor 1998 four EU countries pass laws, job strictly limited to genetically modified agricultural products in a lab environment or enclosed area. [Truth] EU never prohibited genetically modified crops. [7] rumors Five 1999 John Losey, Cornell University researchers published in the British magazine "Nature" report coated leaves of transgenic Bt corn pollen feeding monarch butterflies, leading to the death of 44% of the larvae. [Truth] see below, ecological safety controversy: the monarch butterfly event. Laboratory has-threatening, field no problem rumors six 2000 Nian to 2001 Nian turn genes planting area found abnormal get more confirmed in the ecological environment, for example, turn modified maize varieties itself has not yet found an exception, but its surrounding wild ecological environment appear abnormal, the transgenic varieties of sugar beet and other field tests show itself and the environment are abnormal. To this end, the Government of the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and the European Union countries the agricultural sector the urgent establishment of agro-ecological environmental protection working group, began to closely monitor weather measures transgenic planting area. [Truth] check this matter is purely fabricated. The rumors seven 2004 Syngenta research and development of genetically modified Bt-176 maize scandals, northern Hesse, Germany farmers from 1997 to try to grow Bt-176 corn and used as cow feed supplements, 2000, when farmers began to raise the corn in proportion of the feed, the cattle are dead. Haier BAK, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Institute of Earth botany professor found in 2004, used to poison the European corn borer Bt toxin in Bt-176, can not break down, eventually poisoned cows. [Truth] and rumors, the second is the same thing. As for the Haier BAK Professor Professor List of the ETH Zurich (← "correct translation of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology") did not see a similar name professor. The so-called "Earth Geobotany ... the college did not even this by. Rumors eight May 22, 2005, the British newspaper "Independent" and disclosed in a report in a leading biotechnology company Monsanto "to genetically modified food to feed the mice appear the organ variability and blood components change phenomenon. [Truth] and rumors First, the same thing. See below the food safety controversy: turn the events of the genetically modified corn. Method of processing data unscientific. Rumors nine November 16, 2005, a research report published by the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), a continuing four weeks of the experiment show that the lungs of mice fed GM peas generated inflammation, mice allergic reaction, and more sensitive to other allergens, which halted transgenic project lasted 10 years and cost $ 3 million. [Truth】 fact. Therefore, the outcome of the transgenic similar to this will cause problems will not be a large area of ​​the application, even if costly also stopped. Really can bring applications are safe. Rumors ten in 2006, higher nervous activity of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Neurophysiology scientist Dr. Ma Kewa Irina Al found eating mice transgenic soybean food, more than half of its pups born during the first three weeks of death is not eat genetically modified soybeans the rat mortality of 6 times. The Truth] see below food safety controversy: genetically modified food events in Russia rumors eleven in 2007, funded by the Austrian government, Ze Teke professor and his research team developed Mengdou Mountain genetically modified maize NK603 (anti weeding agent) and hybrid varieties of genetically modified maize MON810 (Bt insect-resistant) "experimental. After up to 20 weeks of observation, found that genetically modified mice affects the reproductive capacity. The Truth] see below the food safety controversy: turn modified maize events rumor on twelve October 2007 and November, "The New York Times and other media reported, after a long and meticulous tracking observation, found that there are two kinds of genetically modified corn planting The cause harm Butterfly survival, the level of threat to the ecological environment security is beyond the acceptable level. To this end, the EU has made a preliminary decision to prohibit the use of the genetically modified corn seed sales. [Truth] see below, ecological safety controversy: the monarch butterfly event. In addition, the EU has never banned genetically modified crops [7] rumors thirteen in 2007, French scientists confirmed, Monsanto produced a genetically modified corn is toxic to the human liver and kidney. Truth] where no article. Only mouse related messages seen below, the food safety controversy: turn one of the events of the genetically modified corn rumors fourteen December 22, 2009, the French biotechnology Commission finally announced, "do more harm than good" of genetically modified corn, which is equal to genetically modified crops planting permanent abolition in France. [Truth] France never succeeded in abolishing the still planting [8] rumors fifteen December 2009 "Bioscience International Journal published a study results showed that three kinds of Monsanto's genetically modified corn make rat liver , damage to the kidneys and other organs. Three genetically modified corn varieties, a design resistant to broad-spectrum herbicides (the so-called Roundup-ready), and the other two contain bacteria-derived protein, has insecticidal properties. The study used a Monsanto raw data. Truth] see below food safety controversy: turn one of the events of the genetically modified corn rumors and 16, according to the official website of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China reported, "In order to make the new success of the 2010 Shanghai World Expo, splendid and unforgettable World Expo, Technology 10 departments and units of the Ministry, a joint Ministry of Education of the Shanghai Municipal Government, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Academy of Engineering College set up a special Expo Technology leadership team to start the implementation of the Technology Expo special action, organization and mobilization of the national scientific and technological strength and technological resources, conduct joint public relations, as Shanghai World Expo successfully organized to provide scientific and technological support. "which, in terms of food security, has successfully developed a rapid detection of food pathogens, toxic and hazardous substances, genetically modified ingredients" "food safety testing products, and has been in Shanghai testing agencies demonstration and the surrounding areas. "[Truth] official website original no genetically modified] words, add rumors manufacturer for ulterior motives. [9] rumors seventeen scientists have proved that the GM diet will lead to the loss of fertility of the offspring! And found that the consumption of genetically modified food, the third generation of hamsters deformity, his mouth turned long-haired! Genetically modified food is absolutely harmful! [Truth] unpublished papers of their own are just "guess". [10] Edit this paragraph controversial controversy reportedFrance shooting the documentary "Monsanto are the transferred genes World" (another translation: The World According to Monsanto, Monsanto are the first: agents and genes) of The World According To Monsanto (2008) United States shooting the documentary "Food Company" Food Inc.. (2008)Scholars criticizedWilliam Grace Doyle (F. William Engdahl), Tour de economists, geopolitics, with a "war for oil: oil politics decide the new world order" food crisis: a dark conspiracy " best-selling books. "Food crisis," a book, ex Doyle said a small number of people being around food for a not for most people aware of the conspiracy, and their the the transgenic engineering studies as a means to achieve large-scale soybean, rice and other crops and chicken cows and other important control of poultry and livestock products. He added: "There is no evidence that genetically modified seeds and its supporting pesticide to increase production, the cultivation of genetically modified crops will not reduce the amount of pesticide use, cultivation actually turn after a period of time of genetically modified crops, herbicide use is not reduced but increased [11]ControversyThe the transgenic rice controversial genetically modified rice from the laboratory to the field wide world attention transgenic rice research from the laboratory to the field, reporter recently learned from the China National Rice Research Institute, transgenic rice has entered the stage of field release, is applying for commercial production. In 1996, China National Rice Research Task Force, led by researcher Huang Danian, the first time in the world developed herbicide-resistant transgenic hybrid rice, hybrid rice seed production purity is to address the long-troubled provides a new method. This achievement among the top 500 academicians from China selected the "1997 China's top ten scientific and technological progress. After that, the research group's successful preparation of a herbicide-resistant transgenic seeded rice, saving time and labor divisible weeds. Chinese rice and Zhejiang Qianjiang Biochemical Co., Ltd. jointly set up by the Zhejiang Golden Harvest Agricultural Genetic Engineering Co., Ltd., officially opened the transgenic rice to industrialization prelude. Huang Danian et al has bred a number of excellent transgenic rice mix and new lines, following laboratory validated and approved by the the Gene Product Safety Commission, the Ministry of Agriculture, security, these new varieties has begun in Fuyang, Lin'an of Zhejiang, Lishui Research and intermediate test field release and try to grow demonstration, and are to apply to the authorities for commercial production. You dare eat genetically modified foods? In March 2000, the cloned piglets "turned out." Followed by Europe and the United States between genetically modified foods to eat and do not eat the issues debated. With the arrival of China's accession to the WTO and global economic integration, the genetically modified foods have been unknowingly penetrate into the various parts of the life of the people. So, what are genetically modified foods? Genetically modified foods in the end can not eat? Brazil nuts, Brazil nuts events (Bertholletia excelsa) rich in methionine and cysteine ​​protein 2S albumin. In order to improve the nutritional quality of soybeans, in January 1994, the American Pioneer (Pioneer) seed company researchers try Brazil nuts encoded protein 2S albumin gene into soybean (Abstract published in the Journal of Cellular Biochemistry Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 1994, Suppl 18A: 78). However, they realize that some people are allergic to Brazil nuts, then transferred to the encoded protein soybean 2S albumin gene testing, found that people allergic to Brazil nuts also may be soy allergies, protein 2S albumin positive major allergen Brazil nuts (findings published in the New England Journal of Medicine The New England Journal of Medicine ,1996,334:688-692). So the Pioneer seed company canceled the plan of this study. The matter but it is said to be "genetically modified soybeans cause food allergies. Brazil nuts events and so far found only not been commercialized due to allergies and genetically modified foods case. In fact, there produce allergic reaction to food and its related gene list. The study of genetically modified crops, the researchers first used the genes of these allergic food; manufacture of new proteins of genetically modified crops, the need of their chemical composition and structure of the known 500 allergy original comparison with similar, will be abandoned; addition, exogenous gene formed protein digestion speed detection, if you can not be digested quickly, can not for human consumption. Pu Sitai event Pusi Tai (Pusztai) "event, that is detonated the safety of genetically modified crops and robust debate of public opinion turning point. The fall of 1998, Scotland Rowett Research Institute scientist ARPANET was Pusi Tai (Arpad Pusztai) through the television speech, said his turn in the experiment with snowdrop lectin gene of potato feeding rats, Subsequently, the rats' body weight and organ weights seriously mitigate the damage to the immune system. " Remark, that caused an international sensation a green and environmental NGO's to promote equality, Europe set off the anti-GM food craze. However long after Pusi Tai experiment was questioned. Allegedly, he is not yet completed the experiment, and no published data on the rush to the public through the media to disseminate their conclusions. He studied transgenic potatoes is to build his own, did not listed may not exist any publicity experiments urgency. Royal Society Pusi Tai event "attaches great importance to the organization of expert peer review of the experiment commenced. In May 1999, the assessment report that Pu Sitai the experiment contains 6 of mistakes and defects: can not determine transgenic there are differences in the chemical composition of non-transgenic potato; rats of eating genetically modified potatoes, add protein to prevent hunger; for small number of experimental animals fed several different foods, and not the standard of food rats, the lack of statistical significance; poor experimental design, and not a double-blind determination; inappropriate statistical methods; consistency with the experimental results. Soon after, Rowett Institute announced Pu Sitai early retirement, and no longer his remarks. Transferred gene maize events (a) France molecular endocrinology scientist Seralini their colleagues 7th, 2009 international biological science of "published articles, discuss to mice fed three kinds Meng Mountain are (Monsanto) turn modified corn of experiments and analysis conclusions. The article pointed out that the mice eating GM corn for three months, his liver, kidney and heart functions are subject to some degree of adverse effects. This article was published soon after they has been criticized by some fellow scientists and regulatory agencies. The biggest challenge is that the experimental results, etc. According to Seralini, one of the scientists who are not established the basis of person independent experiments on rats, the statistical analysis of the data in the text, in fact, derived from Monsanto before the experiment, they just select an inappropriate data